Abstract: According to the requirements of on-orbit processing of satellite remote sensing images for satellite-earth data transmission and high-time-sensitive missions, this paper studies the main on-orbit processing progress of satellite remote sensing images in USA, Europe and China. On this basis, combined with on-orbit remote sensing image processing framework and intelligent processing technologies, such as deep learning, the key technologies of on-orbit remote sensing image processing, including the construction of high-performance intelligent processing platform, on-orbit intelligent processing of remote sensing image based on deep learning, on-orbit information fusion processing of multi-source remote sensing image data, satellite-earth collaborative data processing and on-orbit update, are analyzed. Finally, the future development trend of on-orbit processing of satellite remote sensing images is summarized, which provides a reference for further improving the on-orbit application efficiency of remote sensing satellites.