Abstract: This paper presents a two-dimensional tomography algorithm based on filtered back-projection projection of asteroids, which has been designed to meet the demand of deep space satellites for internal exploration of asteroids. In this algorithm, the scattering data of the simulation model is initially provided by FEKO software. According to the principle of kinematic relativity, a target echo signal model is established in the process of the asteroid’s orbit by the observer, based on the target echo signal model established in the rotary station. This is followed by the combination of the filtered back-projection projection algorithm with the tomographic imaging process, which enables the internal structure of the target to be visualized. The imaging results, when combined with the scattering data collected by the antenna during the orbit of the target, serve to verify the feasibility of the algorithm for the detection of the interior of an asteroid. This method represents a simulation of an observer orbiting an asteroid, presenting a graphical display of its interior. This technical foundation is essential for exploring the interior resources of an asteroid.