Abstract: The rapid development of the aerospace industry and the increasing diversity of on-board applications have put forward higher requirements for the intelligence level of space-based platforms. Space-based intelligent computing, integrating advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and edge computing, significantly enhances satellite computational capabilities, providing new momentum for national defense security and economic growth. This paper first analyzes the critical applications of space-based intelligent computing, followed by a comprehensive review of the development status and technological characteristics both domestically and internationally. Subsequently, the current challenges and key technologies warranting attention are summarized. Based on this analysis, three key future directions are proposed: developing a flexible, radiation-resistant hardware architecture, establishing a standardized and intelligent development platform, and constructing an integrated network for cloud-edge collaboration. These directions offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in this field.