A comprehensive review of the development of satellite communication technology

In the context of the “new space era,” satellite communication technology has made significant advancements across three core fields: broadband communication, mobile communication, and the Internet of Things. These developments provide innovative solutions for the evolution of global communication networks. In the field of broadband communication, low earth orbit constellations and High Throughput Satellites have enabled Tbps-level global data transmission through multi-beamforming and inter-satellite laser links. Additionally, dynamic spectrum sharing and the integration of multi-layer satellite systems have optimized spectral efficiency and enhanced global communication capabilities. In mobile communication, the synergy between high and low-orbit satellites supports direct-to-device services, addressing coverage challenges in emergency and remote areas. This evolution progresses from specialized terminals to high-orbit extensions and large-scale low-orbit antennas, ultimately merging with non-terrestrial network standards. For Internet of Things communication, satellite networks leverage space-ground collaborative networking, non-orthogonal multiple access technology, and AI-driven resource management to facilitate efficient access for massive numbers of devices while ensuring ultra-low power consumption. Looking to the future, satellite communication will be further propelled by AI-driven programmable payloads, multi-layer collaborative architectures, and 6G integrated “air-space-ground-sea” convergence technologies, pushing networks toward greater intelligence, reliability, and efficiency. These advancements will contribute to the global digital economy and the smart transformation of society.